![]() Immunoassay methodologies are the most commonly used tools in protein research, using the properties of antibodies to bind different protein domains and to mark them. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting are of the old methods that changed, adapted, modernized over time, but remained “on barricades” for protein biomarker investigation, especially in autoimmune disorders. The necessity to analyze very small amounts of proteins present in biological samples, as well as the increase in the number of proteins requiring simultaneous, reliable, reproducible, and significant investigations led to the modernization of the existing techniques and to the appearance of some new methods of biomarker investigation and analysis. They can be monitored from body fluids other than blood, such as: urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and from different tissues (biopsies). Proteomic biomarkers are particularly useful for providing the information on cellular signaling pathways, bringing early disease data, monitoring treatment response or adverse effects. Applying proteomic immunoassay techniques for the diagnosis of immunogenetic diseases may also predict the course of disease, or result in a personalized treatment for patients. In the case of immunogenetic diseases, one of the tissues that are first tested for specific biomarkers is blood, namely, the serum, which contains approximately 60–80 mg/mL proteins, besides amino acids, lipids, salts, and carbohydrates. In this chapter, we will describe the techniques of highlighting the proteomic biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of immunogenetic diseases. The domain is complex and includes, besides the disturbance of immune system functioning, gene alterations that regulate and control the self-tolerance. Īlthough important advances have been made in deciphering immune function, the understanding of this function dysregulation and the specific autoimmune response remains limited. In general, an ideal biomarker should meet certain characteristics: be specific to a particular disease, be validated and confirmed as having specificity for that pathology, be able to early identify the disease, its testing to be easy and cheap as far as possible, reliable, and noninvasive. ![]() The identification of protein biomarkers may be the basis for developing new methods of early diagnosis and treatment. Proteomic technologies identify and separate different proteins of interest from biological samples, thus enabling their characterization as biomarkers, establishing their interactions, their role and the mechanisms in which they are involved, the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This mechanism involves both the environmental factors and the genetic predisposition of the individual. *Address all correspondence to: IntroductionĪn autoimmune pathology occurs when the immune system loses its ability to distinguish between its own cells and nonself cells, inducing the attack of self-tissue. Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Romania.University of Medicine “Carol Davila”, Romania.Pathology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Romania.Colentina Clinical Hospital, Research Centre, Romania.National Institute of Pathology “Victor Babes”, Romania.
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